Rising pest problems in forest plantations in Ghana

There have been significant increases in outbreaks of insect pests and diseases in forest plantations in Ghana. Populations of some potential pests, which previously occurred below economic injury thresholds, have reached outbreak levels. In addition, pest problems previously unknown in forestry in Ghana are emerging. The sudden increase in the forest plantation estate, as well as fluctuations in environmental conditions may explain the escalating pest situation. In the past, the most devastating pest problems in forest plantations affected mostly indigenous species, such as Odum (Milicia excelsa and M. regia), Mahogany (Khaya and Entandrophragma spp) and Kokrodua (Pericopsis elata). Serious problems on teak, cedrela or other exotic species were quite uncommon, a situation that promoted the establishment of exotic species plantations to the neglect of indigenous species. But, exotic species are increasingly becoming vulnerable to pests nowadays. Major problems encountered during the reporting period (2004-2007) include: a) Cedrela stem infection, b) teak dieback and decline, c) Wood boring by Apate spp. (A. monachus and A. terebrans), and d) termite damage of Eucalyptus plantations. It is believed that a lot more outbreaks or potentially damaging symptoms go unnoticed or unreported. It is highly recommended for plantation developers to incorporate integrated pest management (IPM) plans in their projects